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Item علماء المسلمين والتأليف في اللغات الشرقية أولا: جمال الدين أحمد بن مُهَنّا (تـ 682 هـ / 1283 م) وكتابه "حِليةُ الإنسان وحلبةُ اللسان"(2024-06-30) حماش, خليفةThis article discusses one of the fields of study among medieval Muslim scholars, namely the field of Islamic languages, which in our modern era are called oriental languages. The discussion in it is devoted to a medieval Muslim scholar who specialized in genealogy, but nevertheless devoted some of his attention to scholarship on oriental languages, Jamal al-Din Ahmad ibn Muhanna (d. 682 / 1283). His book on oriental languages is entitled “Hilyatu al-insân wa halbatu al-lisân”. This work is devoted to three languages: Persian, Turkish, and Mongolian. My article is divided into two parts. The first presents an introduction to Ibn Muhanna, and the second presents an introduction to his book on oriental languages. Although the author was one of the great scholars of his time, the information about him in Islamic biographical dictionaries is negligible, and therefore he remained unknown among researchers until the early twentieth century, when the Turkish scholar Kilisli Rifat Bilge was able to discover a complete copy of the book. This manuscript is in the library of the Imperial Museum (Müze-i Hümâyûn) in Istanbul, and Bilge announced its discovery in an article published in the magazine “Iqdam” on June 5, 1338 AH / 1920 AD. Two years later (1340 AH / 1922 AD), Bilge published an edition of the manuscript. Hence, Jamal al-Din Ahmad ibn Muhanna and his book gained a respectable position among researchers interested in Turkish studies in particular, and oriental studies in general. The book includes an introduction and three sections. The author devoted the first section to the Persian language, the second section to the Turkish language, and the third section to the Mongolian language. Each of the three sections contains sections and chapters on the grammar of each of the three languages on the one hand, as well as sections on the vocabulary (verbs, nouns, and adjectives) used in daily conversation among speakers of each language in various areas of life.Item مركزية القضية الفلسطينية عند الحركة الوطنية الجزائرية (1920-1962)(2024-06-30) بوغفالة, ودانAfter the end of World War I, the Arab world was subjected to a colonial plan that targeted its geographical unity and cultural depth, and its political map was placed on the table of division and fragmentation in light of unjust secret and public international agreements. At that time, Algeria had been under the influence of French colonialism since 1830 AD. This situation did not prevent Algerian thinkers and scholars from addressing and taking a stand on the painful developments that the rest of the Arab world has witnessed. After the announcement of the British mandate in Palestine, the Palestinian question was at the center of discussions in the speeches of the leaders and intellectuals of the Algerian National Movement. To approach this subject and explore its secrets in this study, we return, through a historical approach, to the letters, reports and memoirs of the actors in local and foreign archives, in order to evaluate them and read their content critically and analytically in order to determine the lessons they offer and the dimensions they provide. To what extent has the Palestinian question contributed to crystallizing the liberal consciousness of the national question and to shaping the collective perception of the unity of the Arab destiny? What was the impact of this question on the issues of communication with the West, with its civilization and institutions?Item الاختلافات والتناقضات في نصوص المعاهدات في العصر الحديث: معاهدات إيالة الجزائر ومملكة الدانمارك-النرويج في القرن 18م نموذجا(2024-06-30) عبد الهادي رجائي, سالميTreaties and agreements have long been intrinsic components of diplomatic relations among political entities throughout history. While these treaties, particularly those of a political nature, held immense historical significance within their respective contexts and intended objectives, some were tarnished by discrepancies and errors -whether deliberate or inadvertent- in their wording and translation. These errors, on numerous occasions, gave rise to ambiguities in interpreting the content of treaty articles, often resulting in alterations of their intended meanings to favor one party over the other. Consequently, such discrepancies directly contributed to the emergence of disputes between the signatory parties. This study delves into a notable instance of these disparities within treaty versions. It meticulously examines the distinctions between the Algerian versions (in Ottoman Turkish) of the 1746 and 1772 treaties on the one hand, and the Danish versions (in Danish and French) on the other. By scrutinizing these treaties articles, this analysis aims to unveil the contradictions and ambiguities that inevitably fueled tensions in the relations between these two countries. This examination is conducted while taking into account the historical context, as well as the local and international circumstances in which these treaties were ratified. In conclusion, this paper contends that both the 1746 and 1772 treaties were marred by lapses and deficiencies in the Algerian and Danish versions respectively, ultimately leading one party to interpret them in their favor and compelling the other party to invalidate them in defense of its own interests.Item The Establishment of Almohad Rule in Al-Maghrib al-Awsaṭ and Al-Maghrib al-Adnā and Almohad Policy Towards the Arab Tribes(2024-06-30) Baadj, Amar SalemThis article begins with a study of the conquest of the Central and Eastern Maghrib by the Almohads during the middle of the 6th century A.H./12th century A.D. and the incorporation of both regions into the Almohad state. It includes a critical analysis of the sources for the decisive battle of Setif in 548 A.H./1153 A.D. leading to some new conclusions about the battle. It also discusses the various strategies employed by the Almohads to subdue and pacify the various Hilālī and Sulaymī tribes that inhabited the Central and Eastern Maghrib and which constituted the main source of resistance to the eastwards expansion of Almohad rule. These methods included resettlement, recruitment into the Almohad army, payment of stipends, and military repressionItem Le lion barbaresque(2024-06-30) Van Krieken, GerardIn 1760 a warship brought a lion, a gift from the Dey of Algiers, to the Netherlands. It was a Barbary lion that, after being bought by a fairground operator, probably spent the rest of its life in a cage. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Barbary lions, along with other exotic animals such as tigers and ostriches, were regularly sent from North Africa to Europe as a sign of friendship. This article focuses on the Barbary lion. Elements discussed include its character, the best way to capture it and its fights against people and dogs. In addition, attention is paid to the ambassadors from North Africa who brought them to European capitals and the fate that awaited them there. The information comes from travel reports, stories of enslaved people, archive and newspapers of that time.Item Les jardins de Krystel (Oran, Algérie) : enjeux patrimoniaux et socio-environnementaux(2023-12-31) Hireche, FaridCity-countryside relationships are experiencing a revival in scientific research. Furthermore, the know-how inherent in cultural landscapes linked to water is of growing heritage interest to UNESCO. This global issue of living and intangible heritage arises for many community gardens and cultural landscapes in Algeria (Krystel in Oran, Beni-Snous in Tlemcen, Ain Madhi in Laghouat, etc.); community gardens shaped by hydraulic engineering form a series of landscapes combining nature and culture. Our article proposes to describe the economic, social and heritage vitality of the community gardens of Krystel in the wilaya of Oran, through an analysis of the different modes of water management, irrigation techniques, built cultural landscapes, but also the consequences of the evolution of social uses of space and the logic of appropriation; The notion of sustainability of these landscapes confronted with the logic of planning and development of the territories will be posed assiduously as well as the ultimate question of the valorization and heritage of these historic gardens as an exceptional universal heritage value, in a context of drift climate and energy scarcity.Item Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Fransa’nın Cezayir'de Hapsettiği Osmanlı Esirleri(2023-12-31) Mahideb, HabibaThe Ottoman Empire's participation in World War I on the side of Germany led to conflicts and critical fightings in different regions of the world. The conflicts in which the Ottoman Empire entered on different fronts during the war took place between 1914 and 1918, caused serious human and material losses. The Allied Forces arrested and took prisoners Ottoman civilians and soldiers in various regions, including their colonies under the control of the Allied Powers. In this context, the issue of Ottoman prisoners in Algeria presents an interesting case. As England used India, Burma, Egypt, and other colonies to detain Ottoman prisoners; France also sent a large number of prisoners of war -Ottoman civilian and military citizens- to North Africa, especially to Algeria as one of the most important French colonies. French government used these prisoners for different purposes during the World War I as forced labor and logistical services to the French army. This article focuses on a not much known subject: Ottoman prisoners held by France in Algeria during the First World War. This paper is based on important Ottoman archival documents such as the correspondence made by the US Embassy in Paris to the Ottoman Empire on the subject of Ottoman prisoners in Algeria and North Africa and Turkish Red Crescent Society reports that shed light on their life conditions. This article aims to examine how and why Ottoman prisoners captured by France were sent to Algeria. It also explores the conditions they lived and the treatment they received in French prisons in Algeria. Additionally, the articles also sheds light on the nature of Ottoman-Algerian relations during that period.Item Commerce and warfare: a Brief Note on the Activities of Ottoman and Portuguese Pirates and Privateers in the Eastern Mediterranean (second half of the 15th century and early 16th century)(2023-12-31) Couto, DejanirahThis note focuses on the intertwined activities of Ottoman and Portuguese pirates and privateers in the Eastern Mediterranean in the second half of the 15th century and early 16th century. Their actions had impacts on the Portuguese-Mamluk conflict, which expanded in the Red Sea and the western Indian Ocean in the early 16th century. The growth of this Portuguese piracy was linked up with Portugal’s political and military ambitions in the central and eastern Mediterranean at the beginning of the 16th century. To achieve this strategy, they wielded enormous influence within the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. This article deals with two prominent Portuguese privateers and nobleman : André do Amaral, Chancellor of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem (in Rhodes), who defeatead the fleet of the Mamluk sultan Ḳānṣawḥ al-Ghawrī’s in the Gulf of Ayāz (1510). This defeat strongly contributed to increasing the dependence of the sultanate on the Ottomans, thus preparing the conquest of Egypt by Selim I in 1517. With regard to Diogo Fernandes de Almeida, it is worth clarifying that he was the brother of the first Vice-roy of the Estado da Índia (i.e. the Portuguese Empire in Asia).Item Karagöz mizah dergisinde yayınlanan karikatürlere göre Trablusgarp savaşı(2023-12-31) Sarıkaya, MakbuleKaragöz, which started its publication life in İstanbul on August 10, 1908, is a humor and caricatures magazine that was published in Türkiye until 1951. The magazine, which was usually published twice a week, had 4 pages. The magazine follows Karagöz and Hacivat, the beloved characters of thousands of years of Turkish oral literature, with their mutual conversations and drawings. Karagöz, who dealt with the political, military, economic and social developments of the period, witnessed history with the effective heroism of Türk satirical art. In this process Karagöz, as an eyewitness written/visual sources of the period, handled serious issues such as war in a humorous style and presented the country’s and word’s agenda to the public bay using the power of line. A new order was tried to be created in the world in the 20th century. At the beginning of the century, when the sharing wars were turning into a great general war, Karagöz followed the events in the national and international arena. One of the publications captured by Karagöz during this period is the 1911 Tripoli War with the occupation of Italy in the Tripoli region of the Ottoman State. In this period when the power race between the great powers turned into a regional war, Karagöz played the role of informing the Ottoman public. Karagöz, who discussed the process that continued until the Uşi (Ouchy) Treaty was signed between the parties, also followed the issues related to inter-state relations, including internal and external developments. Karagöz, who addressed the evaluations and findings about the war with more than fifty caricatures, presented the news about Tripoli to the Turkish and world public opinion.Item خصائص ومضامين الكتابات التأسيسية بمساجد مدينة الجزائر في العهد العثماني(2023-12-31) بن بلة, خيرةThe Commemorative inscriptions related to the buildings of the city of Algiers were generally characterized by many artistic characteristics and various contents, especially those related to the construction of mosques and grand mosques. We will discuss a study of a group of these inscriptions, with an attempt to highlight the most important characteristics that distinguished them, whether in terms of form, such as calligraphy, decorations, and the material used, or in terms of content, such as formulas, titles, functions, flags, and terminology. We will follow the analytical approach so that we can extract the characteristics that are the subject of the study, and we expect that the latter will serve as episodes that may contribute to enriching the field of epigraphic inscriptions in the Ottoman era, especially those related to the construction of mosques in the city of Algiers; we will come to identify the characteristics that make this type of inscription distinguished from other inscriptions related to the rest of the types of buildings in this era, as it is characterized by distinct artistic characteristics, whether in terms of calligraphy or the decorative elements that adorn it, in addition to its contents that are characterized by unity in religious formulas represented by the initiations and supplications that are composed of special phrases as they are related to a religious building, and the language widely used is the Arabic language, despite the use of the Ottoman Turkish language in many other buildings, such as civil and military ones. The studied collection of inscriptions, including what is preserved in the National Public Museum of Ancient Antiquities, is represented in the inscriptions: those of Khair al-Din Mosque, Bab al-Dzira Mosque, Ali Pasha Mosque, and the Ketchawa Mosque, including what is still installed on the same building, and it is represented in the inscriptions of Safar Mosque, the New Mosque, and the Kasbah External Mosque and the inner Kasbah mosque.