المجلة الجزائرية للدراسات العثمانية والبحر المتوسط

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Cezayir ve Türkiye Atasözlerinde Dost
(2021-12-29) Ersöz, Serpil
Friendship is that relationship that connect individuals with each others; the friend enjoys trust and becomes the closest to us and keeps secrets, and on friendship an intimate relationship is formed between people without waiting for a special interest from that relationship. From this point of view, we can do a comparative study of the term and meaning of friendship and fellowship in all world cultures. In this study, we find many connotations and ideas that express the term friendship, despite the different status and moral dimension given to this term from one culture to another. Through this research, we seek to do a comparative study of the term friendship through the Turkish-Algerian proverbs by virtue of the fact that the proverbs are the real mirror that honestly reflects the popular culture of both countries. We aim through this study to clarify the similarities and differences in the meaning and place of the term friendship in both cultures. Perhaps this study will be a starting point for a comparative study of terms and topics of no less importance, such as: kinship, cleanliness, justice, patience, women, animals, work, etc... which can be topics for study in university theses.
Donanma Mecmuası’na Göre Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun 19. ve 20. Yüzyıllarda Mağrip Siyaseti
(2021-12-29) Nemlioğlu Koca, Yasemin
Algeria, the largest country in Africa, is the gateway to Central Africa by its 1200 km coast in the Mediterranean Sea. Due to its geographical location, Maghreb Region has played an important role in the commercial and political domination of the Ottoman Empire in the Mediterranean in the past. On the other hand, Algeria was of great importance in the success of Ottoman politics in the Western Mediterranean and North Africa. Despite the loss of Maghreb in the 19th-20th centuries, Algeria, Tunisia and Tripoli played an important role in the Mediterranean and jihad policies of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman proclamation of the Great Jihad (Cihad-ı Ekber) in World War I in 1914 sets an example of the relation between religion and politics. The Ottoman leaders and its allied Germany act in union in the aim of proclaiming this jihad to all Muslim living outside Anatolia. During the war in Europe and the entry of the Ottoman Empire into the war, the Ottoman press adopted an Islamic rhetoric and explained to public the necessity of jihad to save the Islam and Muslims around the World. Therefore, the Ottoman press was used in order to prepare the psychology of the masses for the war bypublications. The one of these publications, the “Donanma Mecmuası (Navy Journal)” was issued by the Navy Association in 1910-1919. In this journal, there were articles about the maritime, naval and foreign policy of the Ottoman Empire, whose authors were navy officers, bureaucrats and intellectuals. In this study, an attempt has been made to explain examples of the Donanma Mecmuası reflecting the view of the Ottoman Navy towards the Maghreb politics at the beginning of the 20thcentury.
موقع أثري مغمور من معالم الجزائر القديمة : كوثون ايكوسيم، الّذي حلّت محلّه ترسانة خير الدين
(2021-12-29) محرز, أمين
The aim of this study is to shed light on two almost unknown ancient sites in the city of Algiers: one of them is a harbour basin designated by archaeologists as Cothon, and which was created by the Phoenicians when they built the walls of Ikosim (the ancient name of the city); the other site is a shipyard called the 'Arsenal of Khayr al-Din', named after the man who ordered its construction, the famous Kheireddine Barberousse. We undertook this research on these two sites because the first is completely unknown, and the second almost as much. Moreover, they share many common denominators, perhaps the most important of which is that they occupied the same location on the city's waterfront. It should be noted, however, that the gap between their construction dates is equal to or greater than two thousand years and the fact that both port establishments had essentially the same orientation, i.e. maritime construction.
النوبات ودورهم في استخلاص الضرائب "نوبة بسكرة نموذجا" دراسة لوثيقة من المكتبة الوطنية الجزائرية
(2021-12-29) بحيري, يامنة
Algeria is full of important documents covering the different stages of the Ottoman era, and the wealth of this documentation in the Algerian National Library and the National Archives of Algeria is an illustration of this. Our intervention concerns the Nûba and its role in the maintenance of order in the interior of the country, more precisely in Biskra, through the analytical study of a document taken from bundle 3190, numbered from 1 to 16, a translation of lost Turkish documents; our document, numbered 16, deals with the political stakes of the promulgation of a fundamental pact or 'Ahd Amân, dated 1828. What is the role of this Nûba in maintaining order and peace in Biskra? And did the Ottomans continue to apply this pact until the end of their governance in Algeria?
De emires en Túnez a refugiados en Nápoles y Sicilia. Las últimas generaciones de la dinastía Hafsí (1535-1642)
(2021-12-29) Varriale, Gennaro
This study pays special attention to the fate of the last members of the Hafsid dynasty, which ruled Tunisia from 1229 to the mid-16th century, at a time when it was part of the conflict between the Spanish Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire in the western Mediterranean Sea in general and the Maghreb region in particular. The collapse of the Hafsid dynasty and the end of its period of rule took place in the 16th century as a result of geopolitical changes around the perimeter. This research aims to analyse the consequences of Charles V's expedition to Tunisia in 1535 and the latter's accession to Ottoman rule after Sinan Pasha's expedition in 1574. We also seek to investigate the issue of the political asylum of the last Hafsid members in Naples, which led them to abandon Islam and become Christianised, citing as a clear testimony the tomb of Mulây Aḥmad al-thâlith al-Hafṣî found in one of the churches of Naples.
1687, l’année où les corsaires algériens firent leur apparition en mer du Nord
(2021-12-29) Van Krieken, Gerard
In June 1687, an Algerian sailor and four European prisoners met in the North Sea: a French clergyman, two German brothers and the captain of the Oranjeboom. The sailor, Mahamat, was on board one of the six privateers which, under the command of Admiral Canary, had sailed north through the Channel in search of booty. The pastor, Brassard, and the two Wolfgang brothers were passengers on a ship sailing from London to Rotterdam. The skipper of the Oranjeboom, Paulsen, came from Norway. At the end of that year, all five were in prison. The four Europeans in Algiers, the Algerian in France, in Toulon. Their captivity was not permanent. Some time later, they were all able to return home. This article deals with the incursion of Algerian privateers into the North Sea and the vicissitudes of these privateers and their victims.
نشاط قبائل الشعانبة على الحدود الطرابلسية الجزائرية مطلع القرن العشرين و موقف الإدارتين العثمانية و الفرنسية منه من خلال وثائق الأرشيف العثماني
(2021-12-29) لكحل, الشيخ
In this research paper, the researcher deals with the problem of the activity of the Chaamba tribes on the Tripoli-Algerian borders at the beginning of the twentieth century and the position of the Ottoman and French administrations regarding it. In studying this problem, the researcher relied on translating and studying some of the documents who had seen in the Ottoman Archives. At the end, The researcher concluded that the activity of the Chaamba tribes, during the period under study, was not acceptable to the French or the Ottomans. And that the military actions of this tribes on the Tripoli border, was a cycle of resistance against the French colonialist, and those groups were not related to the Ottoman authority in Tripoli, and did not work in its favor.
Le tissage de la mémoire La captivité des frères Wolfgang d’Augsbourg à Alger
(2022-06-30) Ruhe, Ernstpeter
Among the surviving German-language accounts of captivity, the story of the fate of two young Augsburg artists, the Wolfgang brothers, taken captive by Algerian corsairs on their way back from England and brought to Algiers is particularly remarkable. Thanks to new documents published in this same review by Gérard van Krieken it is now possible to determine the exact date of the capture and thus to reassess the story. The analysis of the correction concerning the date of the capture reveals the essential role played by the particular type of memoria that characterises the narrative, written and published almost 80 years after their return from Algiers by the son of one of the brothers, himself already aged.
Trapped in the “Nest of Corsairs”. A Brief Historiographical Overview of Sixteenth Century Ottoman Algiers
(2022-06-30) Caprioli, Francesco
Since the eighteenth century, a vast number of articles, books and critical essays have been written about the Algerian corsairs and the role played by the city of Algiers in the early modern Mediterranean, but as a rule the historians’ starting hypotheses have remained firmly lodged in rigid and partly erroneous definitions such as «nest of corsairs», «pirate republic» or «Barbary state». By reassessing the historiography of sixteenth-century Algiers, this article argues for the need to go beyond such categories to avoid the trap of Eurocentrism. Far from aiming to present an exhaustive review of all the publications on Ottoman Algiers, in the first section of this article I have selected a number of works that illustrate how the stereotype of the «nest of corsairs» pervaded European historiography until only a few decades ago, when, by combining Christian and Islamic sources and considering new research perspectives, a number of historians have presented a more rational image of the city of Algiers, not only as the epicentre of the Mediterranean corso, but also as the capital of the province of Cezayir-i Garb. Following on from the most recent publications by Ottomanists and Arabists, in the second section I shall examine the complex role played by the Algerine corso and its protagonists during the sixteenth century.
La Sublime Porte, les puissances européennes et le problème de la course maritime de la Régence d’Alger aux 18e-19e siècles
(2022-06-30) Benafri, Chakib
This research proposes to examine the major milestones of the political system of the Regency of Algiers, highlighting the relations maintained between this Regency and the Sublime Porte during the period of the Deys (1671-1830). Furthermore, we aim to analyze the impact of the maritime activities of the Regency of Algiers in the Mediterranean during the 18th and 19th centuries on diplomatic relations between the European powers and the Sublime Porte, which were from the 18th century in a period of decadence. Our research also attempts to trace the boundaries of the geographical space of the Algerian privateering and its consequences and to explain how it became a real diplomatic crisis between this Regency and the Metropolis. We will study the issue of the Independence of the Regency of Algiers on the aspect of external relations and its impact on the position of the Sublime Porte concerning these relations with the Western powers that had begun to shake the borders of the Ottoman space to share the heritage of “The Sick Man” at the level of the European Continent and the Mediterranean to impose a new world order and a new vision on the organization of international relations to the whole Ottoman Islamic world.
علاقات التعاون و روابط التحالف الجزائري-العثماني و مسألة سيادة الدولة الجزائرية الحديثة
(2022-06-30) سعيدوني, ناصر الدين
This study approaches the issue of Algerian-Ottoman relations and the emergence of the modern Algerian state (1516-1830), and is based on the historical and geopolitical data that allowed Algeria to be a full political entity with an international presence through the alliance between local forces (tribes, zaouias, influential local figures) and the Ottoman power represented by its maritime force led by the Barbarossa brothers. Such an approach imposes a thorough review of French colonial historical theses and those developed by Algerian authors influenced by the colonial perception denying the existence of a modern Algerian state allied to the Ottoman power. This is a long term historical battle whose goal is the restoration of the damaged Algerian historical memory. On this basis, this contribution proposes keys to renew the approach of the determining factors of the pre-colonial Algerian state and the nature of its relations with the Ottoman state as an ally in the fight against the enemy forces in the Western Mediterranean, and by analysing the reality of the Algerian military institution and the system of government in Algeria before the French colonization and the relationship of the Beylik administration with local populations, and by proposing a new approach to international conjunctures determining Algeria’s relations with European states that led to a strategic alliance with the Ottoman power.
البحّار بيري رايس في الدراسات الإستشراقية: كتاب "بحرية" في عرض المؤرخ الفرنسي روبار مونتران
(2022-06-30) بوغفالة, ودان
The French historian Robert Mantran (1917-1999) is considered one of the most prominent French researchers who have been interested in Turkish history and culture from an early age in the second half of the twentieth century. He is famous for several books on the history of Turkey, the city of Istanbul, and the history of the Ottoman Empire. He published in French in the journals Revue de l’Occident Musulman et de la Méditerranée (ROMM) and Annales Islamologiques essential studies on the Mediterranean coasts through "Kitab-i Bahriye", a book written by Piri Reis. He introduced the author in his review, considering him the first Turkish cartographer, who made several clear maps of the world, including the Mediterranean region. Piri Reis reviewed the challenges of navigation and sailing in the first section of the book. In the second section, he accurately described the Mediterranean coasts, including the Algerian, Tunisian, Egyptian and French coasts, and gave crucial information about ports and marinas and how to reach them. The orientalist Mantran believes that Piri Reis rendered an excellent service to the captains of the ships of the Ottoman Navy, which enabled them to sail quickly on the Mediterranean coasts. He collected data from field inspection, personal observation, and long experience dating back to the late fifteenth century AD. Since when was this trip translated into French to gain international interest? What is the nature of the maps that he drew, their credibility, and their relationship to the original sea charts of the first European sailors? The question, posed by Robert Mantran, extends to the truth of the information contained in the translations that present the sailor Piri Reis, and their conformity with reality and logic.
دينامية التعمير و التمدن البحري في الفترة العثمانية الأولى بالمغرب الأوسط (الجزائر)
(2022-06-30) بن حموش, مصطفى
The North African coast witnessed an unprecedented urban development during the early Ottoman period as a result of the exodus of a large number of Andalusians refugees. Many maritime cities expanded after their liberation from the Spanish occupation, and new cities emerged, while some archaeological sites of vanished cities emerged thanks to the presence of building materials in the sites and the existence of the previous infrastructure. Ottoman rulers had a prominent role in hosting Andalusian refugees and their settling in the region since the first period of its annexing to the Ottoman Empire. Cities expanded, provided with defense and civil services, and managed throughout the Ottoman period. The interaction of geographical and historical factors is one of the drivers of this urbanization, which drew the features of the human map in current days. The attachment of cities to maritime activities had its impact on the cultural, social and economic diversity of the Central Maghreb and its openness to the Mediterranean countries and to the world. Therefore, shedding light on this period enables researchers to understand the pattern of distribution of cities on the one hand, and the stages of their inception, growth and development on the other hand.
Some Notes on Life and Commerce in Algiers and Tunisia through the Unpublished Diary of Father Francisco Ximénez (18th century)
(2022-12-29) Bernabé, Pons Luis F
Through the diaries that the Trinitarian monk Francisco Ximénez de Santa Catalina wrote during three years in Algiers (1718-1720), which remain still unpublished, we can experience a very valuable testimony of the life of the Regency of Algiers, especially in everything related to privateering and the life of the captives. Director of the Hospital of the Trinitarians, his work in Algiers made of him a privileged spectator of social and personal relationships not only between captives and authorities, but also between different social groups in Algerian society. His attention to what was happening around provides us with precious, very detailed information about everyday life in Algiers, but also about trade, the redemption of slaves and in general the economic life of 18th century Algiers.
وصف المصادر المحلية للمدن الساحلية الجزائرية خلال العهد العثماني
(2022-12-29) شارف, رقية
The strategic position of Algeria and its opening on the Mediterranean sea is one of the most important factors that influenced the history of the country and was one of the big deciding factors of its future and destiny. During the ottoman existence in Algeria -1519 to 1830-, the Algerian coastal cities were at the heart of the historical events that occurred in the region such as the Andalusian migration and the clash of civilizations between the Ottoman empire and the occidental alliance under the leadership of Spain and the Portugal. That has urged the local historians to consider the Algerian cities as metropolitan cities and military defense lines and so they documented and reported the historical attempts to the conquest of the region and its consequent liberation. The chroniclers and traveling scholars wrote work poems also referred to as rajaz poems, which have been commented, leaving a valuable literary and historical heritage, as the works of Ahmad al-Maqarrî al-Tilimsânî, Hasan al-Wazzân, Al-Tamagrûtî, etc. We attempt in the current study to analyze those works and discover the identity of the chroniclers and travelers in question. We also aim to answer the following questions: What was the relationship between those authors and the cities they dealt with in their works? The reasons that drove them to write about them? How they described them? The aspects they focused on? How we evaluate the informations they have provided?
حملة الأميرال أندريا دوريا لغزو شرشال سنة 1531
(2022-12-29) بحيري, يامنة
The announcement of the city of Algiers’ incorporation to the Ottoman Islamic Caliphate and the arrival of the Ottoman Islamic threat to this western part of the Mediterranean Sea, caused an increase in the Spanish and European coveting on these coasts, and the unbridled desire to destroy and invade Algeria. The city of Cherchell was considered one of the largest centers of the modern Algerian state. ‘Arrûj worked to fortify it due to the importance of its location and built a strong castle in it. Then, Cherchell, as an excellent natural position which gave it an important strategic location, has become one of the most important poles that abound in the Algerian Islamic coast. This made it to be at the forefront of Spanish ambitions as a source of direct threat to the city of Algiers. Cherchell witnessed several crusades, the most important of which took place in the year 1531, led by Admiral Andrea Doria, commissioned by King Charles V, but the news of its defeat resounded in all Christian circles. So, what are the circumstances and the reasons for the outbreak of this campaign? And how did its most important events take place? And did its failure have a direct impact on preparing a decisive campaign to eliminate the nascent Ottoman power in Algeria?
خريطة العالم الجديد للبحار بيري ريس خلال فترة الكشوفات الجغرافية
(2022-12-29) بستان, إدريس
The Ottoman sailor Piri Reis is considered one of the most outstanding Muslim scholars in sea arts and geography in the Modern era and more specifically in the Sixteenth century when the major geographical discoveries movement appeared, led by Portugal and Spain in the Atlantic Ocean. Piri Reis’ fame is not only due to his authorship of the most important Islamic source of the arts of sailing, entitled Kitâb-i Bahriye, but it was also related to his drawing of maps displaying the New World: the first one in 1513, and a second more precise one in 1528. Through the latter, he showed his vast knowledge regarding sailing sciences and geography and was a pioneer in the publication of information and news about the New World in the Ottoman and Islamic world. In addition, through his publications, he urged the Ottoman sultans to show interest in the maritime and geographical field, which became since the Sixteenth century, a symbol and a means of control and influence worldwide.
نماذج من عقود المحكمة الشرعية في الجزائر خلال العهد العثماني
(2022-12-29) خيراني, ليلى
The manuscript is an important relic kept by libraries, and it is a guide to the history of nations and their journey through time, in different fields, political, economic, and civilizational in its broadest sense. There is no doubt that the study of the science of manuscripts draws attention to the precise technical rules that must be adopted to discover this enormous quantity of manuscripts that our country stores and that are kept in different places. In this article, we have chosen the document “’Uqûd”, which gathers traditions recorded in a medium-sized booklet of twelve sheets. This manuscript is kept in the Department of Manuscripts of the National Library of Algeria. We will try to identify its content, the subjects related to our deep history, and the importance of the study of this manuscript in the recent period of the history of Ottoman Algeria.
From the Adriatic to the Western Mediterranean: Albanians and Dalmatians in Algiers during the 16th Century
(2022-12-29) Muhaj, Ardian
The sixteenth century is considered as the last golden age of the Mediterranean. This splendor of the Mediterranean was shared by the people inhabiting this “Great Sea”. In this century the Mediterranean is seen as a maritime space contested between two rival powers: the Habsburg Empire and the Ottoman Empire. The rivalry between the Habsburgs and the Ottomans developed in the Western fringe of the Mediterranean, while the eastern and central part of the Great Sea remained uncontested dominions of the Ottoman state. In this Mediterranean splendor and rivalry, the role and agency of many people and local communities should not be undervalued. The aim of this paper is to highlight the presence of the Albanian and Dalmatian sailors, soldiers, and traders in Algiers, which was undoubtedly one of the most important centers of the Mediterranean, with a vibrant trade and an important place of political, cultural, and commercial links and impact. People from the Eastern Adriatic shore, especially Albanians and Dalmatians (i.e., Croats, Bosnians, etc.) were increasingly present in Algiers as well as in North African Mediterranean in a scale never documented before. Apart from the increase in numbers, in the 16th century also changes the quality of their presence in the Western Mediterranean.
المصحف الموقوف على الجامع الكبير بمدينة الجزائر والمحفوظ بالمتحف العمومي الوطني للآثار القديمة والفن الإسلامي
(2023-06-30) نايم, فيصل
The Holy Mus'haf is considered one of the most important manuscripts that attracted the attention of the Muslim artist thanks to its diversity in artistic aspects, ranging from the art of binding to the art of coloring and gilding, in addition to the art of Arabic calligraphy, which witnessed a new phase, especially with regard to the codification of the Mus'haf. Therefore, it can be considered a witness of extensive development as Muslims wanted to draw closer to God Almighty and show love for the Book of God, especially in the Ottoman period. The Mushaf, which was endowed on the Great Mosque, is considered one of the artistic masterpieces represented in the rare manuscripts preserved in the National Public Museum of Ancient Antiquities and Islamic Art. Given its historical importance and its artistic, archaeological and symbolic value, because it was endowed by Abdi Pasha on the Great Mosque, according to what was stated in the endowment text entry, the Museum Foundation displays it sometimes in scientific and cultural events, the latest of which was Tlemcen the capital of Islamic culture, and Constantine the capital of Arab culture. Our study aims to address the aspects of the arts on the Mushaf endowed at the Great Mosque, represented in binding, gilding, drawing, decoration and Arabic calligraphy, many facts related to these arts emerged with the conclusion of many technical and codicological terms related to the archaeology of Mushaf in the Ottoman era, where the artist excelled in decorating the Mushaf, whether this was on the cover or on the papers with the use of one of the most beautiful types of Thuluth calligraphy, commonly used during this era.