المجلة الجزائرية للدراسات العثمانية والبحر المتوسط

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1687, l’année où les corsaires algériens firent leur apparition en mer du Nord
(2021-12-29) Van Krieken, Gerard
In June 1687, an Algerian sailor and four European prisoners met in the North Sea: a French clergyman, two German brothers and the captain of the Oranjeboom. The sailor, Mahamat, was on board one of the six privateers which, under the command of Admiral Canary, had sailed north through the Channel in search of booty. The pastor, Brassard, and the two Wolfgang brothers were passengers on a ship sailing from London to Rotterdam. The skipper of the Oranjeboom, Paulsen, came from Norway. At the end of that year, all five were in prison. The four Europeans in Algiers, the Algerian in France, in Toulon. Their captivity was not permanent. Some time later, they were all able to return home. This article deals with the incursion of Algerian privateers into the North Sea and the vicissitudes of these privateers and their victims.
Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Fransa’nın Cezayir'de Hapsettiği Osmanlı Esirleri
(2023-12-31) Mahideb, Habiba
The Ottoman Empire's participation in World War I on the side of Germany led to conflicts and critical fightings in different regions of the world. The conflicts in which the Ottoman Empire entered on different fronts during the war took place between 1914 and 1918, caused serious human and material losses. The Allied Forces arrested and took prisoners Ottoman civilians and soldiers in various regions, including their colonies under the control of the Allied Powers. In this context, the issue of Ottoman prisoners in Algeria presents an interesting case. As England used India, Burma, Egypt, and other colonies to detain Ottoman prisoners; France also sent a large number of prisoners of war -Ottoman civilian and military citizens- to North Africa, especially to Algeria as one of the most important French colonies. French government used these prisoners for different purposes during the World War I as forced labor and logistical services to the French army. This article focuses on a not much known subject: Ottoman prisoners held by France in Algeria during the First World War. This paper is based on important Ottoman archival documents such as the correspondence made by the US Embassy in Paris to the Ottoman Empire on the subject of Ottoman prisoners in Algeria and North Africa and Turkish Red Crescent Society reports that shed light on their life conditions. This article aims to examine how and why Ottoman prisoners captured by France were sent to Algeria. It also explores the conditions they lived and the treatment they received in French prisons in Algeria. Additionally, the articles also sheds light on the nature of Ottoman-Algerian relations during that period.
Cezayir ve Türkiye Atasözlerinde Dost
(2021-12-29) Ersöz, Serpil
Friendship is that relationship that connect individuals with each others; the friend enjoys trust and becomes the closest to us and keeps secrets, and on friendship an intimate relationship is formed between people without waiting for a special interest from that relationship. From this point of view, we can do a comparative study of the term and meaning of friendship and fellowship in all world cultures. In this study, we find many connotations and ideas that express the term friendship, despite the different status and moral dimension given to this term from one culture to another. Through this research, we seek to do a comparative study of the term friendship through the Turkish-Algerian proverbs by virtue of the fact that the proverbs are the real mirror that honestly reflects the popular culture of both countries. We aim through this study to clarify the similarities and differences in the meaning and place of the term friendship in both cultures. Perhaps this study will be a starting point for a comparative study of terms and topics of no less importance, such as: kinship, cleanliness, justice, patience, women, animals, work, etc... which can be topics for study in university theses.
Commerce and warfare: a Brief Note on the Activities of Ottoman and Portuguese Pirates and Privateers in the Eastern Mediterranean (second half of the 15th century and early 16th century)
(2023-12-31) Couto, Dejanirah
This note focuses on the intertwined activities of Ottoman and Portuguese pirates and privateers in the Eastern Mediterranean in the second half of the 15th century and early 16th century. Their actions had impacts on the Portuguese-Mamluk conflict, which expanded in the Red Sea and the western Indian Ocean in the early 16th century. The growth of this Portuguese piracy was linked up with Portugal’s political and military ambitions in the central and eastern Mediterranean at the beginning of the 16th century. To achieve this strategy, they wielded enormous influence within the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. This article deals with two prominent Portuguese privateers and nobleman : André do Amaral, Chancellor of the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem (in Rhodes), who defeatead the fleet of the Mamluk sultan Ḳānṣawḥ al-Ghawrī’s in the Gulf of Ayāz (1510). This defeat strongly contributed to increasing the dependence of the sultanate on the Ottomans, thus preparing the conquest of Egypt by Selim I in 1517. With regard to Diogo Fernandes de Almeida, it is worth clarifying that he was the brother of the first Vice-roy of the Estado da Índia (i.e. the Portuguese Empire in Asia).
De emires en Túnez a refugiados en Nápoles y Sicilia. Las últimas generaciones de la dinastía Hafsí (1535-1642)
(2021-12-29) Varriale, Gennaro
This study pays special attention to the fate of the last members of the Hafsid dynasty, which ruled Tunisia from 1229 to the mid-16th century, at a time when it was part of the conflict between the Spanish Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire in the western Mediterranean Sea in general and the Maghreb region in particular. The collapse of the Hafsid dynasty and the end of its period of rule took place in the 16th century as a result of geopolitical changes around the perimeter. This research aims to analyse the consequences of Charles V's expedition to Tunisia in 1535 and the latter's accession to Ottoman rule after Sinan Pasha's expedition in 1574. We also seek to investigate the issue of the political asylum of the last Hafsid members in Naples, which led them to abandon Islam and become Christianised, citing as a clear testimony the tomb of Mulây Aḥmad al-thâlith al-Hafṣî found in one of the churches of Naples.
Donanma Mecmuası’na Göre Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun 19. ve 20. Yüzyıllarda Mağrip Siyaseti
(2021-12-29) Nemlioğlu Koca, Yasemin
Algeria, the largest country in Africa, is the gateway to Central Africa by its 1200 km coast in the Mediterranean Sea. Due to its geographical location, Maghreb Region has played an important role in the commercial and political domination of the Ottoman Empire in the Mediterranean in the past. On the other hand, Algeria was of great importance in the success of Ottoman politics in the Western Mediterranean and North Africa. Despite the loss of Maghreb in the 19th-20th centuries, Algeria, Tunisia and Tripoli played an important role in the Mediterranean and jihad policies of the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman proclamation of the Great Jihad (Cihad-ı Ekber) in World War I in 1914 sets an example of the relation between religion and politics. The Ottoman leaders and its allied Germany act in union in the aim of proclaiming this jihad to all Muslim living outside Anatolia. During the war in Europe and the entry of the Ottoman Empire into the war, the Ottoman press adopted an Islamic rhetoric and explained to public the necessity of jihad to save the Islam and Muslims around the World. Therefore, the Ottoman press was used in order to prepare the psychology of the masses for the war bypublications. The one of these publications, the “Donanma Mecmuası (Navy Journal)” was issued by the Navy Association in 1910-1919. In this journal, there were articles about the maritime, naval and foreign policy of the Ottoman Empire, whose authors were navy officers, bureaucrats and intellectuals. In this study, an attempt has been made to explain examples of the Donanma Mecmuası reflecting the view of the Ottoman Navy towards the Maghreb politics at the beginning of the 20thcentury.
El inicio del reinado de Felipe III, el final de la política defensiva en el Mediterráneo contra el Imperio Otomano
(2023-06-30) Bunes Ibarra, Miguel Ángel
The beginning of the reign of Felipe III has the essential characteristics of starting a very active policy in the Mediterranean. The main concern was to destroy the city of Algiers, which is why a conquest campaign was organized in 1601. The failure of the Genoa army in the Ottoman city meant that a new way of trying to limit the actions of the corsairs by sea and the janissaries by land had to be implemented. To carry out this policy the monarchy tried to find an ally in the territory to distract the Algerians and prevent their maritime and land actions. For this they sought an ally in the territory, initiating an active military and diplomatic policy with Kabylia and its rulers.
From the Adriatic to the Western Mediterranean: Albanians and Dalmatians in Algiers during the 16th Century
(2022-12-29) Muhaj, Ardian
The sixteenth century is considered as the last golden age of the Mediterranean. This splendor of the Mediterranean was shared by the people inhabiting this “Great Sea”. In this century the Mediterranean is seen as a maritime space contested between two rival powers: the Habsburg Empire and the Ottoman Empire. The rivalry between the Habsburgs and the Ottomans developed in the Western fringe of the Mediterranean, while the eastern and central part of the Great Sea remained uncontested dominions of the Ottoman state. In this Mediterranean splendor and rivalry, the role and agency of many people and local communities should not be undervalued. The aim of this paper is to highlight the presence of the Albanian and Dalmatian sailors, soldiers, and traders in Algiers, which was undoubtedly one of the most important centers of the Mediterranean, with a vibrant trade and an important place of political, cultural, and commercial links and impact. People from the Eastern Adriatic shore, especially Albanians and Dalmatians (i.e., Croats, Bosnians, etc.) were increasingly present in Algiers as well as in North African Mediterranean in a scale never documented before. Apart from the increase in numbers, in the 16th century also changes the quality of their presence in the Western Mediterranean.
Karagöz mizah dergisinde yayınlanan karikatürlere göre Trablusgarp savaşı
(2023-12-31) Sarıkaya, Makbule
Karagöz, which started its publication life in İstanbul on August 10, 1908, is a humor and caricatures magazine that was published in Türkiye until 1951. The magazine, which was usually published twice a week, had 4 pages. The magazine follows Karagöz and Hacivat, the beloved characters of thousands of years of Turkish oral literature, with their mutual conversations and drawings. Karagöz, who dealt with the political, military, economic and social developments of the period, witnessed history with the effective heroism of Türk satirical art. In this process Karagöz, as an eyewitness written/visual sources of the period, handled serious issues such as war in a humorous style and presented the country’s and word’s agenda to the public bay using the power of line. A new order was tried to be created in the world in the 20th century. At the beginning of the century, when the sharing wars were turning into a great general war, Karagöz followed the events in the national and international arena. One of the publications captured by Karagöz during this period is the 1911 Tripoli War with the occupation of Italy in the Tripoli region of the Ottoman State. In this period when the power race between the great powers turned into a regional war, Karagöz played the role of informing the Ottoman public. Karagöz, who discussed the process that continued until the Uşi (Ouchy) Treaty was signed between the parties, also followed the issues related to inter-state relations, including internal and external developments. Karagöz, who addressed the evaluations and findings about the war with more than fifty caricatures, presented the news about Tripoli to the Turkish and world public opinion.
La Sublime Porte, les puissances européennes et le problème de la course maritime de la Régence d’Alger aux 18e-19e siècles
(2022-06-30) Benafri, Chakib
This research proposes to examine the major milestones of the political system of the Regency of Algiers, highlighting the relations maintained between this Regency and the Sublime Porte during the period of the Deys (1671-1830). Furthermore, we aim to analyze the impact of the maritime activities of the Regency of Algiers in the Mediterranean during the 18th and 19th centuries on diplomatic relations between the European powers and the Sublime Porte, which were from the 18th century in a period of decadence. Our research also attempts to trace the boundaries of the geographical space of the Algerian privateering and its consequences and to explain how it became a real diplomatic crisis between this Regency and the Metropolis. We will study the issue of the Independence of the Regency of Algiers on the aspect of external relations and its impact on the position of the Sublime Porte concerning these relations with the Western powers that had begun to shake the borders of the Ottoman space to share the heritage of “The Sick Man” at the level of the European Continent and the Mediterranean to impose a new world order and a new vision on the organization of international relations to the whole Ottoman Islamic world.
Le conflit des années 1769-1772 entre le Danemark et l’Algérie: une guerre oubliée
(2023-06-30) Ødegaard, Torbjørn
The punitive expedition that Denmark sent to Algiers in 1770 was the climax of a simmering conflict between the Scandinavian kingdom and the Ottoman province of the Maghrib. Relations between the two States had been stormy in the past. In 1746, a timely treaty put an end to the capture of Danish ships by Algerian privateers and the enslavement of their crews. This treaty, which guaranteed the safety of Danish maritime trade in the Mediterranean in return for the payment of tribute to Algiers, lapsed shortly after the dey Muhammad b. ‘Uthmân came to power in 1766. The new dey was impatient with the arrival of the Danish tribute. The Danish-Russian rapprochement was an additional source of annoyance. Denmark responded clumsily and undiplomatically to the dey's demands, and in 1769 he declared war. The capture of Danish ships and crews resumed. It is partly through the testimonies of a Norwegian sailor who became a slave and a Danish naval chaplain that we can understand the extent of the fiasco that was the military expedition organised to retaliate against Algiers, as well as its consequences, which were heavy on the economic and human level, but limited on the political level.
Le lion barbaresque
(2024-06-30) Van Krieken, Gerard
In 1760 a warship brought a lion, a gift from the Dey of Algiers, to the Netherlands. It was a Barbary lion that, after being bought by a fairground operator, probably spent the rest of its life in a cage. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Barbary lions, along with other exotic animals such as tigers and ostriches, were regularly sent from North Africa to Europe as a sign of friendship. This article focuses on the Barbary lion. Elements discussed include its character, the best way to capture it and its fights against people and dogs. In addition, attention is paid to the ambassadors from North Africa who brought them to European capitals and the fate that awaited them there. The information comes from travel reports, stories of enslaved people, archive and newspapers of that time.
Le tissage de la mémoire La captivité des frères Wolfgang d’Augsbourg à Alger
(2022-06-30) Ruhe, Ernstpeter
Among the surviving German-language accounts of captivity, the story of the fate of two young Augsburg artists, the Wolfgang brothers, taken captive by Algerian corsairs on their way back from England and brought to Algiers is particularly remarkable. Thanks to new documents published in this same review by Gérard van Krieken it is now possible to determine the exact date of the capture and thus to reassess the story. The analysis of the correction concerning the date of the capture reveals the essential role played by the particular type of memoria that characterises the narrative, written and published almost 80 years after their return from Algiers by the son of one of the brothers, himself already aged.
Les jardins de Krystel (Oran, Algérie) : enjeux patrimoniaux et socio-environnementaux
(2023-12-31) Hireche, Farid
City-countryside relationships are experiencing a revival in scientific research. Furthermore, the know-how inherent in cultural landscapes linked to water is of growing heritage interest to UNESCO. This global issue of living and intangible heritage arises for many community gardens and cultural landscapes in Algeria (Krystel in Oran, Beni-Snous in Tlemcen, Ain Madhi in Laghouat, etc.); community gardens shaped by hydraulic engineering form a series of landscapes combining nature and culture. Our article proposes to describe the economic, social and heritage vitality of the community gardens of Krystel in the wilaya of Oran, through an analysis of the different modes of water management, irrigation techniques, built cultural landscapes, but also the consequences of the evolution of social uses of space and the logic of appropriation; The notion of sustainability of these landscapes confronted with the logic of planning and development of the territories will be posed assiduously as well as the ultimate question of the valorization and heritage of these historic gardens as an exceptional universal heritage value, in a context of drift climate and energy scarcity.
Some Notes on Life and Commerce in Algiers and Tunisia through the Unpublished Diary of Father Francisco Ximénez (18th century)
(2022-12-29) Bernabé, Pons Luis F
Through the diaries that the Trinitarian monk Francisco Ximénez de Santa Catalina wrote during three years in Algiers (1718-1720), which remain still unpublished, we can experience a very valuable testimony of the life of the Regency of Algiers, especially in everything related to privateering and the life of the captives. Director of the Hospital of the Trinitarians, his work in Algiers made of him a privileged spectator of social and personal relationships not only between captives and authorities, but also between different social groups in Algerian society. His attention to what was happening around provides us with precious, very detailed information about everyday life in Algiers, but also about trade, the redemption of slaves and in general the economic life of 18th century Algiers.
The Establishment of Almohad Rule in Al-Maghrib al-Awsaṭ and Al-Maghrib al-Adnā and Almohad Policy Towards the Arab Tribes
(2024-06-30) Baadj, Amar Salem
This article begins with a study of the conquest of the Central and Eastern Maghrib by the Almohads during the middle of the 6th century A.H./12th century A.D. and the incorporation of both regions into the Almohad state. It includes a critical analysis of the sources for the decisive battle of Setif in 548 A.H./1153 A.D. leading to some new conclusions about the battle. It also discusses the various strategies employed by the Almohads to subdue and pacify the various Hilālī and Sulaymī tribes that inhabited the Central and Eastern Maghrib and which constituted the main source of resistance to the eastwards expansion of Almohad rule. These methods included resettlement, recruitment into the Almohad army, payment of stipends, and military repression
Trapped in the “Nest of Corsairs”. A Brief Historiographical Overview of Sixteenth Century Ottoman Algiers
(2022-06-30) Caprioli, Francesco
Since the eighteenth century, a vast number of articles, books and critical essays have been written about the Algerian corsairs and the role played by the city of Algiers in the early modern Mediterranean, but as a rule the historians’ starting hypotheses have remained firmly lodged in rigid and partly erroneous definitions such as «nest of corsairs», «pirate republic» or «Barbary state». By reassessing the historiography of sixteenth-century Algiers, this article argues for the need to go beyond such categories to avoid the trap of Eurocentrism. Far from aiming to present an exhaustive review of all the publications on Ottoman Algiers, in the first section of this article I have selected a number of works that illustrate how the stereotype of the «nest of corsairs» pervaded European historiography until only a few decades ago, when, by combining Christian and Islamic sources and considering new research perspectives, a number of historians have presented a more rational image of the city of Algiers, not only as the epicentre of the Mediterranean corso, but also as the capital of the province of Cezayir-i Garb. Following on from the most recent publications by Ottomanists and Arabists, in the second section I shall examine the complex role played by the Algerine corso and its protagonists during the sixteenth century.
إسهام العثمانيين في أوقاف الجامع الأعظم بالجزائر مظهر من مظاهر التعايش بين المذهبين الحنفي و المالكي
(2023-06-30) عمريوي, فهيمة
The present paper studies the contribution of the Ottomans to the endowment of the Great Mosque of Algiers, of the Maliki school; the second endowment institution regarding incomes and locked-in returns. The study is based on the employment, exploitation and analysis of a sample of the documents of the Sharia court. We will present the Great Mosque and those who endowed it from the army, the deys and administrative staff. We will determinate the nature of the endowed properties, and their location in Algiers, highlighting the development that took place in the endowments of the Ottomans in favor of the Great Mosque. We also highlight their religious policy in Algeria and the extent of coexistence between the Hanafi and Maliki schools of thought during the Ottoman period.
الاختلافات والتناقضات في نصوص المعاهدات في العصر الحديث: معاهدات إيالة الجزائر ومملكة الدانمارك-النرويج في القرن 18م نموذجا
(2024-06-30) عبد الهادي رجائي, سالمي
Treaties and agreements have long been intrinsic components of diplomatic relations among political entities throughout history. While these treaties, particularly those of a political nature, held immense historical significance within their respective contexts and intended objectives, some were tarnished by discrepancies and errors -whether deliberate or inadvertent- in their wording and translation. These errors, on numerous occasions, gave rise to ambiguities in interpreting the content of treaty articles, often resulting in alterations of their intended meanings to favor one party over the other. Consequently, such discrepancies directly contributed to the emergence of disputes between the signatory parties. This study delves into a notable instance of these disparities within treaty versions. It meticulously examines the distinctions between the Algerian versions (in Ottoman Turkish) of the 1746 and 1772 treaties on the one hand, and the Danish versions (in Danish and French) on the other. By scrutinizing these treaties articles, this analysis aims to unveil the contradictions and ambiguities that inevitably fueled tensions in the relations between these two countries. This examination is conducted while taking into account the historical context, as well as the local and international circumstances in which these treaties were ratified. In conclusion, this paper contends that both the 1746 and 1772 treaties were marred by lapses and deficiencies in the Algerian and Danish versions respectively, ultimately leading one party to interpret them in their favor and compelling the other party to invalidate them in defense of its own interests.
البحّار بيري رايس في الدراسات الإستشراقية: كتاب "بحرية" في عرض المؤرخ الفرنسي روبار مونتران
(2022-06-30) بوغفالة, ودان
The French historian Robert Mantran (1917-1999) is considered one of the most prominent French researchers who have been interested in Turkish history and culture from an early age in the second half of the twentieth century. He is famous for several books on the history of Turkey, the city of Istanbul, and the history of the Ottoman Empire. He published in French in the journals Revue de l’Occident Musulman et de la Méditerranée (ROMM) and Annales Islamologiques essential studies on the Mediterranean coasts through "Kitab-i Bahriye", a book written by Piri Reis. He introduced the author in his review, considering him the first Turkish cartographer, who made several clear maps of the world, including the Mediterranean region. Piri Reis reviewed the challenges of navigation and sailing in the first section of the book. In the second section, he accurately described the Mediterranean coasts, including the Algerian, Tunisian, Egyptian and French coasts, and gave crucial information about ports and marinas and how to reach them. The orientalist Mantran believes that Piri Reis rendered an excellent service to the captains of the ships of the Ottoman Navy, which enabled them to sail quickly on the Mediterranean coasts. He collected data from field inspection, personal observation, and long experience dating back to the late fifteenth century AD. Since when was this trip translated into French to gain international interest? What is the nature of the maps that he drew, their credibility, and their relationship to the original sea charts of the first European sailors? The question, posed by Robert Mantran, extends to the truth of the information contained in the translations that present the sailor Piri Reis, and their conformity with reality and logic.